Argues that biologists define fitness by proxy measures

In social systems the widespread Rosetta Stone Software occurrence of different types of replication process such as diffusion make it more complicated. In biology the definition is replicator based, so what are the replicators in social evolution. Geoffrey's solution: Habits, routines and customs are social replicators, technology may be, although the artefact itself is not a replicator. Fitness in social evolution - the propensity of replications with a property to produce copes and in crease the frequency of similar replicators.Peter Allen has been shaking his head through most of the session and now stands up to ask a question: You can't define something by the future, so fitness is a problem, current performance is more important so the fitness landscape does not exist and it doesn't have to be flat. Now this is going to be interesting. Other Rosetta Stone Language questions make a similar challenge. Geoffrey argues in reply that most of science is about propensities, so it involves uncertainties about the future.Next up, Lucio Biggiero on redundancy as a key requisite for exaptationand the implications of its recognition for economics and management.Wants to measure three forms of redundancy namely: resources, connections and functionality. He plans to do this with network analysis. Starts with 21 nodes, 20 links so no redundancy. Second example, four clusters one central connector 21 nodes 44 links (redundant connectors but not nodes). Third example, 85 nodes, 84 links, again with one cntral node, four branches, then mind map type extensions from each, so the nodes are redundent but not the connections.Suggests that new functions can replace old as a form of exaptation, having more copies of the same thing as a second form of exaptation.What does redundancy imply? sub-optimality complexity (dense recursive interactions) multi-criticallity (multi-functionality and multi-demensionalituyThe performance of a component should be evaluated in terms Rosetta Stone Korean of its multi-functionality for the system. Systems cannot be expressed in terms of single functions and this cannot be optimised.